Contaminant database
How to read this table…
The aim of this table is to have updated knowledge of the contaminants that we find in drinking water – what they are, what we know about them and how capable distillation, carbon filters and membrane filters (RO, NF, UF, MF) are to reduce/remove them from drinking water.
For membrane filtration, especially of the reverse osmosis (RO) type, there is large variations in quality on the market. Ratings are given for large-scale production systems, and some home systems may not be able to meet the same quality standards.
Our assumptions: Contaminants are assumed to be retained by distillation if their vapor pressure is equal or lower to 53 mPa and at the same time have a boiling point (respectively melting point if there is no boiling point) of 140 °C or higher. These assumptions are based on experimental data from Hanson,2004; Bills,1967 and Hoff,2019, whose retained contaminants have the threshold values mentioned above. Vapor pressure and boiling / melting temperature are the most critical parameters for contaminants, when separated per distillation.
The removal efficacy is divided in three ranges, adapted from Ruel et al.: Red (below 30% removal) – Yellow (between 30% and 70% removal) Green (higher than 70% removal) and Blank means that we can not find documentation.
Please let us know if you have documentation that may fill out a blank or correct anything in the below.
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Name | WHO | US | EU | EWG | Distillation | Carbon filter | Membrane filtration | WaterStillar | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C3H7Cl Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 Yalkowsky2010 | ||||||||
C5H12O Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
C4H8O Industrial compound | 50 µg/L | N/A | 0.35 ppb | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | |||||
Pesticide | |||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) C8H6Cl2O3 Pesticide | 30 µg/L | 70 ppb | 20 ppb | Dvorak2014 RodriguezMozaz2015 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Industrial compound | Ruel2011 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
C7H5Cl2NO Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
C7H4Cl2O2 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
2,3-Dichlorophenylpiperazine (DCPP) C9H8Cl2O3 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
4-Chlorophenoxy-propionic acid (CPP) C9H9ClO3 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
C6H5NO3 Pesticide | Mailler2016 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Ruel2011 Snyder2007 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Snyder2007 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Snyder2007 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Additive | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Huang2011 Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
0.5 µg/L | 0.1 µg/L | Lenntech2019 | |||||||
Pesticide | Brita2018 Culligan2014 Hanson2004 | ||||||||
Pesticide | 10 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | |||||||||
Al Metal | 100 - 200 µg/L | N/A | 200 µg/L | 600 ppb | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||
NH4+ Industrial compound | 500 µg/L | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) CH6NO3P Pesticide | 900 µg/L | Jönsson2013 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Snyder2007 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Sb Metal | 20 µg/L | 6 ppb | 5 µg/L | 1 ppb | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||
As Metal | 10 µg/L | 10 ppb | 10 μg | 0.004 ppb | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||
Additive | None | Dvorak2014 Brita2018 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 RodriguezMozaz2015 | ||||||||
C8H14ClN5 Pesticide | 100 µg/L | 3 ppb | 0.1 ppb | SchoonenbergKegel2010 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Pesticide | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | /100 ml | Asadi, 2013 Nasciemento2018 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Ba Metal | 1.3 mg/L | 2 ppm | 0.7 ppm | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
C10H12N2O3S Pesticide | 500 µg/L | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 10 µg/L | 5 ppb | 1 µg/L | 0.15 ppb | SchoonenbergKegel2010 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||
Industrial compound | Snyder2007 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Snyder2007 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 0.7 µg/L | 0.01 µg/L | |||||||
Industrial compound | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Metal | 12 µg/L | 4 ppb | 1 ppb | Dvorak2014 Waterstillar2020 | |||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
HCO3 Salt | 100 mg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) Wastewater parameter | Mailler2016 Velmurugan2009 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Additive | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Additive | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
B Metal | 2.4 mg/L | 1 mg/L | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||
C9H13BrN2O2 Pesticide | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | ||||||||
BrO3 Industrial compound | 10 µg/L | 10 ppb | 10 µg/L | 0.1 ppb | EWG2019 | ||||
Industrial compound | 60 µg/L | N/A | 0.4 ppb | Lenntech2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | None | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 100 µg/L | N/A | 5 ppb | MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | |||||||||
Personal care product | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Cd Metal | 3 µg/L | 5 ppb | 5 µg/L | 0.04 ppb | Ruel2011 Wimalawansa2013 | ||||
Food compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Disinfection compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | 1.05*10^-4 /L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Pesticide | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pesticide | 4 µg/L | 40 ppb | 0.7 ppb | Brita2018 Culligan2014 Waterstillar2020 | |||||
Industrial compound | 4 µg/L | 5 ppb | 0.1 ppb | Dvorak2014 Culligan2014 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | ||||||||
C14H19NO4 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Wastewater parameter | Asadi, 2013 Mailler2016 Velmurugan2009 | ||||||||
Salt | 700 µg/L | N/A | 210 ppb | Waterstillar2020 | |||||
Pesticide | 0.2 µg/L | 2 ppb | 0.03 ppb | Snyder2007 Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | |||||
Pesticide | Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Cl- Salt | 250 mg/L | 250 mg/L | CardosodaSilva2014 Hanson2004 Hoque2019 Huikuri1998 Velmurugan2009 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||
Cl Disinfection compound | 5 mg/L | Dvorak2014 Culligan2014 | |||||||
Salt | 700 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 300 µg/L | 100 ppb | 70 ppb | Brita2018 Culligan2014 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 30 µg/L | N/A | 1 ppb | Culligan2014 Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Pesticide | None | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | |||||||
Chlorothalonil-amidsulfonic acid C8Cl4N2 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pesticide | 30 µg/L | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | |||||||
Pesticide | 30 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Cr Metal | 50 µg/L | 50 µg/L | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||
Cr Metal | |||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
C6H3Cl2NO2 Pesticide | Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | /100 ml | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Co Metal | N/A | 70 ppb | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | /100 ml | CardosodaSilva2014 Hanson2004 | |||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | /100 ml | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Wastewater parameter | 20 /100 ml | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Wastewater parameter | Acceptable, no change | CardosodaSilva2014 | |||||||
Wastewater parameter | 2500 µS/cm at 20 °C | CardosodaSilva2014 Hanson2004 Hoque2019 Huikuri1998 | |||||||
Cu Metal | 2 mg/L | N/A | 2 mg/L | 300 ppb | Dvorak2014 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | 1,3*10^-5 /L | Dvorak2014 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
C9H13ClN6 Pesticide | 0.6 µg/L | Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 500 µg/L | 200 ppb | 50 µg/L | 150 ppb | Wimalawansa2013 | ||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Pesticide | None | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | /100 ml | Dvorak2014 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Pesticide | 1 µg/L | Snyder2007 Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | |||||||
Pesticide | |||||||||
Additive | 8 µg/L | 6 ppb | 3 ppb | Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | |||||
Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Lenntech2019 | |||||||
Pesticide | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 8 µg/L | Mailler2016 SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||||
Desethyl-desisopropyl-atrazine Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
C7H12ClN5 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
C12H21N2O3PS Pesticide | None | RodriguezMozaz2015 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 70 µg/L | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 100 µg/L | N/A | 0.7 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | 1 µg/L | 0.2 ppb | 0.0017 ppb | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | |||||
Industrial compound | 0.4 µg/L | MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 20 µg/L | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 300 µg/L | 75 ppb | 6 ppb | Dvorak2014 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | 30 µg/L | 5 | 3 µg/L | 0.4 ppb | Brita2018 Culligan2014 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||
Industrial compound | 50 µg/L | MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 20 µg/L | 5 ppb | 4 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 40 µg/L | 5 ppb | 0.5 ppb | Brita2018 Culligan2014 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Industrial compound | 20 µg/L | Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
C9H5D3Cl2O3 Pesticide | 100 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pesticide | 0.03 µg/L | Hanson2004 Snyder2007 EWG2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
C5H12NO3PS2 Pesticide | 6 µg/L | Lenntech2019 RodriguezMozaz2015 | |||||||
Industrial compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | |||||||||
C10H12N2O5 Pesticide | None | Brita2018 Culligan2014 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) Wastewater parameter | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
C9H10Cl2N2O Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | RodriguezMozaz2015 SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | ||||||||
C7H6N2O5 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
C10H8ClN3O Pesticide | Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | /100 ml | /100 ml | CardosodaSilva2014 Hanson2004 Nasciemento2018 | ||||||
Industrial compound | 600 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pesticide | 20 µg/L | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pesticide | 0.6 µg/L | 2 ppb | 0.3 ppb | Dvorak2014 Hanson2004 Snyder2007 | |||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | /100 ml | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 RodriguezMozaz2015 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Additive | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 300 µg/L | 700 ppb | 300 ppb | Brita2018 SchoonenbergKegel2010 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 0.05 ppb | 0.01 ppb | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | ||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Personal care product | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | None | Snyder2007 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||||
F- Salt | |||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
C3H8NO5P Pesticide | 700 ppb | 5 ppb | Jönsson2013 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||
Pesticide | None | 0.4 ppb | 0.008 ppb | Dvorak2014 Hanson2004 Snyder2007 | |||||
Pesticide | 0.2 ppb | 0.006 ppb | Culligan2014 Snyder2007 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||
Pesticide | 0.05 µg/L | 1 ppb | 0.03 ppb | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | 0.6 µg/L | Brita2018 Culligan2014 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Pesticide | 50 ppb | 2 ppb | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | ||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 EWG2019 | ||||||||
C12H20N4O2 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Additive | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
C7H12ClN5 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Pesticide | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Snyder2007 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Fe Metal | None | 200 µg/L | Ruel2011 Huikuri1998 Tiwari2003 | ||||||
Pesticide | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
C12H18N2O Pesticide | 9 µg/L | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 RodriguezMozaz2015 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pb Metal | 10 µg/L | 15 ppb | 10 µg/L | 2 ppb | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||
Pesticide | 2 µg/L | 0.2 ppb | 0.032 ppb | Dvorak2014 Brita2018 Hanson2004 | |||||
Pesticide | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Li Metal | Ruel2011 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Pesticide | 0.9 mg/L | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Mn Metal | 0.4 mg/L | N/A | 50 µg/L | 100 ppb | Huikuri1998 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) C9H9ClO3 Pesticide | 700 µg/L | Lenntech2019 RodriguezMozaz2015 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
C10H11ClO3 Pesticide | 10 µg/L | Mailler2016 SchoonenbergKegel2010 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Hg Metal | 6 µg/L | 2 ppb | 1 µg/L | 1.2 ppb | Chandrashekara2017 Wimalawansa2013 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||
C15H21NO4 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
C10H10N4O Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pesticide | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Additive | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pesticide | 20 µg/L | 40 ppb | 0.09 ppb | Culligan2014 Hanson2004 Snyder2007 | |||||
Industrial compound | 2.69 ppb | Lenntech2019 EWG2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Personal care product | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) Industrial compound | N/A | 13 ppb | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||
Pesticide | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Pesticide | 10 µg/L | Snyder2007 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||||
Pesticide | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
C8H14N4OS Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
C7H12N4O2 Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Mo Metal | 70 µg/L | N/A | 40 ppb | Ruel2011 Hanson2004 | |||||
Pesticide | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Salt | 20 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 RodriguezMozaz2015 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Ni Metal | 20 µg/L | 20 µg/L | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||
NO3- Industrial compound | 50 mg/L | 10 ppm | 50 mg/L | 0.14 ppm | Hanson2004 Mailler2016 Wimalawansa2013 | ||||
Industrial compound | 200 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
NO2- Salt | 3 mg/L | 500 µg/L | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | ||||||
Industrial compound | 30 µg/L | Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Disinfection compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 0.1 µg/L | N/A | 0.003 ppb | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | |||||
C2H8N2O2S Pesticide | 0.1 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP1EO) Industrial compound | Ruel2011 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) Industrial compound | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Nonylphenoxyacetic acid (NP1EC) Industrial compound | Ruel2011 Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Snyder2007 | ||||||||
Wastewater parameter | Acceptable, no change | CardosodaSilva2014 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 RodriguezMozaz2015 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
4-Octylphenol monoethoxylate (OP1EO) Industrial compound | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
4-Octylphenol diethoxylate (OP2EO) Industrial compound | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
O3 Disinfection compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Pesticide | 10 µg/L | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Wastewater parameter | 6.5 - 9.5 | Asadi, 2013 CardosodaSilva2014 Hanson2004 Hoque2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Pesticide | Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 RodriguezMozaz2015 | ||||||||
C13H19N3O4 Pesticide | 20 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pesticide | 9 µg/L | 1 ppb | 0.3 ppb | Dvorak2014 Brita2018 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOA) Industrial compound | N/A | 0.001 PPB | Herkert2020 | ||||||
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) Industrial compound | N/A | 0.001 ppb | Herkert2020 | ||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Additive | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Brita2018 | ||||||||
PO4 Salt | 150 µg/L | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 Wimalawansa2013 | |||||||
Pesticide | SchoonenbergKegel2010 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Personal care product | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | /250 ml | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | 1,1*10^-5 /L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Rb Metal | Ruel2011 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Additive | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Se Metal | 40 µg/L | 50 ppb | 10 µg/L | 30 ppb | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||
Ag Metal | None | Dvorak2014 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
C7H12ClN5 Pesticide | 2 µg/L | 4 ppb | 0.1 ppb | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Na+ Salt | 200 mg/L | 200 mg/L | CardosodaSilva2014 Hanson2004 Huikuri1998 Velmurugan2009 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||
Salt | 50 mg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Sodium dichloroisocyanuric acid Industrial compound | 40 mg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 20 µg/L | 100 ppb | 0.5 ppb | Brita2018 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||
Sr Metal | N/A | 1.5 ppm | USwatersystems2020 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||
Additive | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Salt | None | 250 mg/L | Huikuri1998 Snyder2007 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Wastewater parameter | Acceptable, no change | CardosodaSilva2014 | |||||||
Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) Industrial compound | Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
C10H19N5S Pesticide | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 EWG2019 | ||||||||
C9H16ClN5 Pesticide | 7 µg/L | RodriguezMozaz2015 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Industrial compound | Brita2018 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 40 µg/L | 5 ppb | 0.06 ppb | Brita2018 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Tl Metal | 2 ppb | 0.1 ppb | Dvorak2014 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||
Industrial compound | 1 mg/L | 80 ppb | 100 µg/L | 0.15 ppb | Dvorak2014 EWG2019 | ||||
Sn Metal | None | Ruel2011 Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Ti Metal | Ruel2011 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 700 µg/L | 1 ppm | 0.15 ppm | Dvorak2014 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||
Wastewater parameter | < 1000 mg/L | Asadi, 2013 Hoque2019 Snyder2007 | |||||||
Wastewater parameter | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Wastewater parameter | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Wastewater parameter | Asadi, 2013 | ||||||||
Pesticide | None | 3 ppb | 0.03 ppb | Brita2018 EWG2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | N/A | 0.04 ppb | Brita2018 EWG2019 | ||||||
Industrial compound | Ruel2011 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 200 µg/L | Ruel2011 | |||||||
Industrial compound | None | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | |||||||
Pesticide | 20 µg/L | 70 ppb | 5 ppb | Dvorak2014 EWG2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | 2 mg/L | 5 ppb | 0,3 ppb | Brita2018 EWG2019 | |||||
Trichloroethene Industrial compound | 20 µg/L | 5 ppb | 10 µg/L | 0.4 ppb | Dvorak2014 Brita2018 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||
Industrial compound | N/A | 0.0007 ppb | Brita2018 Culligan2014 | ||||||
Personal care product | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
Pesticide | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Personal care product | Mailler2016 Snyder2007 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | SchoonenbergKegel2010 | ||||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | Mailler2016 RodriguezMozaz2015 | ||||||||
Metal | N/A | 100 Bq/L | 400 pCI/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||
Wastewater parameter | Acceptable, no change | Asadi, 2013 Culligan2014 CardosodaSilva2014 Hoque2019 | |||||||
U Metal | 30 µg/L | 30 ppb | 0.43 pCI/L | Hanson2004 Huikuri1998 | |||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Wastewater parameter | Mailler2016 | ||||||||
V Metal | N/A | 21 ppb | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 0.3 µg/L | 2 ppb | 0.5 µg/L | 0.05 ppb | Lenntech2019 EWG2019 | ||||
Microorganism or pollutants from microorganism | Nasciemento2018 | ||||||||
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Industrial compound | Brita2018 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | 500 µg/L | 10 ppm | 1.8 ppm | Brita2018 MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | Lenntech2019 | ||||||||
Zn Metal | None | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Pesticide | 20 µg/L | MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
C19H18ClN3O4 Pesticide | Hoff2019 | ||||||||
K+ Salt | 175 mg/L | Huikuri1998 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
C17H13ClFN3O Pesticide | Waterstillar2020 | ||||||||
Pesticide | 0.03 µg/L | Hanson2004 EWG2019 | |||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Ca2+ Salt | Huikuri1998 Velmurugan2009 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Wastewater parameter | None | Hanson2004 | |||||||
Mg2+ Salt | Huikuri1998 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Salt | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) Pesticide | 90 µg/L | MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) Pesticide | 9 µg/L | MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric acid (MCPB) Pesticide | None | MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Pesticide | 500 ppb | 166 ppb | MidwestLaboratories1996 EWG2019 | ||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Pesticide | None | MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Pesticide | None | MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||||
Industrial compound | Snyder2007 | ||||||||
Pesticide | 10 µg/L | EWG2019 | |||||||
Pesticide | 10 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | |||||||
Disinfection compound | 0.02 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||||
Disinfection compound | 0.04 µg/L | EWG2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 0.0103 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||||
Disinfection compound | 0.02 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||||
Cr Metal | 50 µg/L | 50 µg/L | 0.02 ppb | Ruel2011 MidwestLaboratories1996 | |||||
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) Industrial compound | 80 µg/L | 400 ppb | 200 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||
Disinfection compound | 0.04 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||||
Pharmaceutical or hormone | 0.2 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||||
Pesticide | 30 µg/L | 20 ppb | 6 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||
Pesticide | 100 ppb | 94 ppb | EWG2019 | ||||||
F- Salt | 1.5 mg/L | 1.5 mg/L | Hanson2004 Huikuri1998 MidwestLaboratories1996 | ||||||
C8H14ClN5 Pesticide | 200 µg/L | Waterstillar2020 | |||||||
Disinfection compound | 60 ppb | 0.1 ppb | EWG2019 | ||||||
Disinfection compound | 60 ppb | 0.1 ppb | EWG2019 | ||||||
Pesticide | None | 200 ppb | 26 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||
Industrial compound | 70 µg/L | 1 ppb | Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | ||||||
Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) Industrial compound | 0.001 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||||
Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHPA) Industrial compound | 0.001 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||||
Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHXS) Industrial compound | 0.001 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||||
Industrial compound | 0.001 ppb | EWG2019 | |||||||
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Industrial compound | 0.5 ppb | 0.09 ppb | EWG2019 | ||||||
Metal | 5 pCi/L | 0.05 pCi/L | Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | ||||||
Metal | 0.35 pCi/L | Waterstillar2020 EWG2019 | |||||||
Disinfection compound | 60 ppb | 0.1 ppb | EWG2019 | ||||||
Pesticide | MidwestLaboratories1996 |